The Threat Of Nuclear Weapons Essay Research free essay sample

The Threat Of Nuclear Weapons Essay, Research Paper Ever since the first atomic arm was built in 1945, atomic war has been a menace. The two major atomic powers in the universe today are the Soviet Union and the United States. If a war of all time broke out between the two, which involved the usage of atomic arms, the whole universe would endure from the effects. In this study I am traveling to turn out that atomic arms are a menace to all of us. A atomic arm is any device that causes an detonation by the release of the energy in an atom. They are much more powerful than any conventional or # 8220 ; non atomic # 8221 ; arms. Nuclear arms are divided into two groups: fission arms, which are frequently called atom bombs, and thermonuclear or merger arms, which are frequently called H bombs because that is what they are made of. FISSION WEAPONS Fission arms cause an detonation by the splitting of atomic karyon. We will write a custom essay sample on The Threat Of Nuclear Weapons Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This happens when a neutron collides with the karyon of an atom. The protons in the karyon are transformed into a great sum of energy and two or three more neutrons are sent out, which go on to divide other karyon. If this continues a procedure called a concatenation reaction will happen. When this happens a fission detonation is the consequence. To organize a concatenation reaction, a certain sum of stuff is needed. This sum is known as the critical mass. If the sum is excessively little it is known as a subcritical mass. The critical mass of a material depends on its pureness. The stuffs used in doing fission arms are uranium and Pu. They are the lone elements able to be used in doing a fission arm. There are two different ways to do a fission arm: the gun-type method and the implosion method. In the gun-type method, two pieces of stuff, each holding a subcritical mass, are placed at opposite terminals of a metal cylinder. One of the pieces has a powerful, nonnuclear explosive behind it that explodes on impact and drives the piece into the 1 at the other terminal. The atoms in the stuff the collide and get down a concatenation reaction. In the implosion method a ball of either uranium or Pu is surrounded by a big sum of nonnuclear explosive. When triggered it compresses the atomic stuff, which besides causes a concatenation reaction. FUSION WEAPONS Thermonuclear or merger arms get their destructive power from the combine of light atoms. Hydrogen, the lightest component, is used in doing merger arms. When the atoms of the component fuse, they release a great sum of energy. The lone job is that the vitamin E lement must be heated to a temperature of 50 million grades Celsius. The lone manner to make this, without utilizing more energy than is produced, is to utilize a fission detonation. So, a ball of H is surrounded by either U or Pu and so by a non atomic explosive. When the explosive is set off it causes the U or Pu to fission, which in bend causes the H to blend. History In 1939, the U.S. authorities became concerned that the Nazi Germans may be capable of constructing a atomic arm, so upon fall ining World War II, the United Sates began a secret operation called the Manhattan Undertaking to construct their ain atomic arm. The first experimental atomic arm was exploded on July 16,1945, by J. Robert Oppenheimer. It was a 22 kiloton implosion-type device. This trial convinced the U.S. authorities that atomic arms could be used in war. On August 6, 1945, the United States used the first atomic arm on the Nipponese metropolis of Hiroshima. It was a 13 kiloton gun-type fission bomb. Three yearss subsequently, the United States dropped a 22 kiloton implosion-type fission bomb on another Nipponese metropolis called Nagasaki. On August 14, eight yearss after the first bomb was dropped, the Nipponese surrendered, which brought an terminal to World War II. Effects The three chief effects that would follow a atomic detonation are blast, thermic radiation or heat, and radiation. The really first thing to go on is the formation of a bolide. The fireball gives off the thermal radiation that vaporizes anything within a one-fourth stat mi and ignites flammable stuffs within 10 stat mis. The thermic radiation can do oculus hurts every bit good as tegument Burnss called flash Burnss. Between 20 and 30 per cent of the deceases at Hiroshima and Nagasaki were caused by flash Burnss. When the bolide begins to disperse it signifiers a blast moving ridge that travels off from the detonation at velocities up to 400 stat mis per hr. This destroys most edifice within 6 stat mis. It besides kills most people within 3 stat mis and badly injures or kills most people up to 6 stat mis off. Then comes the radiation. It is made up of neutrons that were left over after the detonation. When these neutrons come in contact with populating cells they damage or even destruct them. A individual exposed to big sums of radiation will normally decease. Some scientists believe that the dust and fume from the fires after a atomic war would do a worldwide chilling of the planet, which is known as a atomic winter. For this ground, the states at war would non be the lone 1s to endure.

Free Essays on Andrew Jackson

Andrew Jackson Two Irish folk named Andrew and Elizabeth Jackson came to America in 1867, settling in the Waxhaw area of the North/South Carolina border. Elizabeth wouldn’t know that her child would bring fame, fortune, and great leadership to America. On March 15, 1867, their son was born; Andrew â€Å"Old Hickory† Jackson. Andrew Sr. died and left Elizabeth a widow with three young boys in poverty. As Andrew grew up, his two brothers joined the militia where they died of disease as well did his mother. He was orphaned at the age of fourteen and gradually picked up bad habits like drinking, gambling, fighting, etc. Throughout all of his traumatic past, there seemed like there was no hope until he reached the age of seventeen. Andrew went into studying law with a North Carolina lawyer and migrated west to Nashville. After Andrew moved, he became a public prosecutor and married Rachel Donelson, a wealthy family member. Andrew afterwards acquired land and slaves. He was elected to congress in 1796 after Tennessee departed from North Carolina and became the union’s sixteenth state. The following year the legislature elected Andrew as a U.S. senator which he held for only one session before resigning. After he resigned, he went back home and served as a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court for six years. Jackson’s military career began in the Revolution. In 1802, he was elected major general of the Tennessee militia. Ten years later, he was elected major general of the U.S. forces by Wille Blount, the Tennessee governor. In 1814, Jackson suffered numerous detrimental campaigns against the Native Americans in the Creek War and was promoted to major general in the regular army. The Creek War began on August 30 of 1813 by the slaying of 250 Alabama settlers in a brutal onslaught by an Indian tribe called the Red Sticks. As a result of the attack, Jackson and 2500 manned forces were deployed to stop and punish the Indians. Jackson ... Free Essays on Andrew Jackson Free Essays on Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson EARLY LIFE Andrew Jackson was born to poor Irish immigrants on March 15, 1767, near Camden, South Carolina. His parents, Andrew and Elizabeth, and two older brothers, Hugh and Robert, had emigrated from northern Ireland in 1765. Jackson was named after his father who had died shortly before he was born and he spent his early life in the Waxhaw settlement located near the North and South Carolina border. His mother had hopes of him becoming a Presbyterian minister, but young Jackson’s pranks, cursing, and fighting quickly erased those hopes. From 1778 to 1781, the American Revolutionary War had a devastating impact on Jackson’s life. When he was thirteen, Jackson and his brothers joined the patriotic cause to fight the British. His oldest brother Hugh died of heat stroke following the Battle of Stono Ferry in 1779. In 1781, Jackson and his brother Robert were captured and both contracted smallpox in prison. Jackson’s mother arranged for their release in a prisoner exchange. Although Jackson eventually recovered, his brother died of smallpox. Jackson and his mother traveled to Charleston to aid in the war effort and she contracted cholera and died. By war’s end, Jackson was an orphan. He resided with members of his mother’s family, but soon went to Charleston and worked as a school teacher for a short period of time. Jackson was known for his fierytemper, fearlessness, playful personality, and daring spirit. At age seventeen, he moved to Salisbury, North Carolina, where he studied law. In 1787, after three years of studying, Jackson received his license to practice law in North Carolina. To supplement his income, he also worked in small-town general stores. While living in North Carolina, Jackson gained a reputation for being charismatic, wild, and ambitious. He loved to dance, entertain, gamble, and spent much of his free time with friends in taverns. Soon after... Free Essays on Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson Two Irish folk named Andrew and Elizabeth Jackson came to America in 1867, settling in the Waxhaw area of the North/South Carolina border. Elizabeth wouldn’t know that her child would bring fame, fortune, and great leadership to America. On March 15, 1867, their son was born; Andrew â€Å"Old Hickory† Jackson. Andrew Sr. died and left Elizabeth a widow with three young boys in poverty. As Andrew grew up, his two brothers joined the militia where they died of disease as well did his mother. He was orphaned at the age of fourteen and gradually picked up bad habits like drinking, gambling, fighting, etc. Throughout all of his traumatic past, there seemed like there was no hope until he reached the age of seventeen. Andrew went into studying law with a North Carolina lawyer and migrated west to Nashville. After Andrew moved, he became a public prosecutor and married Rachel Donelson, a wealthy family member. Andrew afterwards acquired land and slaves. He was elected to congress in 1796 after Tennessee departed from North Carolina and became the union’s sixteenth state. The following year the legislature elected Andrew as a U.S. senator which he held for only one session before resigning. After he resigned, he went back home and served as a judge on the Tennessee Supreme Court for six years. Jackson’s military career began in the Revolution. In 1802, he was elected major general of the Tennessee militia. Ten years later, he was elected major general of the U.S. forces by Wille Blount, the Tennessee governor. In 1814, Jackson suffered numerous detrimental campaigns against the Native Americans in the Creek War and was promoted to major general in the regular army. The Creek War began on August 30 of 1813 by the slaying of 250 Alabama settlers in a brutal onslaught by an Indian tribe called the Red Sticks. As a result of the attack, Jackson and 2500 manned forces were deployed to stop and punish the Indians. Jackson ... Free Essays on Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson became the nation’s seventh president in 1829. He made significant changes in American politics at that time. He was very popular with the people because of the fact that he was a hero of the War of 1812. He had also served in the senate and was a tough man who had manifested the spirit of the frontier. One change Jackson brought about was the steadily increasing power of the west. He happened to be the first president to come from the west of the Appalachians. Jackson was also the start of a new era of democracy in American politics. He didn’t belong to a party but rather had much popular support. Jackson supporters were poor and relatively new voters. Unlike other races (besides that of 1824) all white men were allowed to vote rather than just white male property owners. The election of Jackson in 1828 tripled the votes cast from 356,000 in 1824 to 1.1 million in 1828. Most of those new voters gave their votes to the man of the people, Jackson. The power of the voters was evident. Jackson had won 178 electoral votes to Adam’s 83. The election also stirred another change; the revival of the two-party system. This race gave voters a choice between two candidates with sharply differing views. An opposition party had arisen and with it came many conflicts but the new party would also strengthen the democratic process by stirring debates on key issues and giving two different views on matters. Many newly elected officials elected to office used a practice called patronage. Jackson made the practice official by dismissing more than 200 presidential employees and about 2,000 other officeholders. They were replaced with 2,000 Jacksonian Democrats. The term spoils system was soon derived for the patronage system under Jackson. The spoils or pillage (jobs of previous appointees and officeholders) were taken from a defeated enemy. Jackson stated, in defense of the spoils system that any intellige...

The Contribution of Enterprize Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Contribution of Enterprize Systems - Essay Example Effective implementation and use of enterprise systems enables an organisation to react instantaneously to orders from customers. These could be orders for products or information. Because ES avails data on order, manufacturing and delivery, it enables a company to produce only what customers have ordered and also to procure the correct amount of raw materials or components to fill actual orders. It also enables the company to stage production, reduce the time that finished products or components are in inventory. In terms of management, ES enables the senior management of an organisation to determine which organisational products are least or most profitable. At any one time, ES enables them to find out with much ease how a particular unit of the organization is performing. ES also helps the organisation on how to react to delayed shipment from suppliers. ES facilitates operational excellence in supply chain management (SCM). This applies to companies that produces a wide range of products and services hence it could have hundreds of suppliers (Laudon and Laudon, 2010). In a SC, ES enables the company to coordinate activities between the many manufacturing plants and suppliers, retail outlets, distribution centres and firms involved on in way or another in the production of their products. It leads to the provision of untimely and inaccurate information and this prevents inefficiencies in the SC, excessive inventory of finished goods and underutilised plant capacities. It also reduces the bullwhip effect. Enterprise applications involve pieces of software that are complex and expensive to purchase and implement. It might therefore take a company many years to complete the implementation of large-scale ES applications. The cost incurred for the implementation of ES in a large firm might amount to 4-5 times the initial software purchase price. These include software, consulting fees,

Are politicians from particular backgrounds or with certain Essay

Are politicians from particular backgrounds or with certain personality types more susceptible to being caught up in a political - Essay Example In general, a good public servant should closely observe and maintain good family values. Therefore, it is the moral duty of each politician to avoid engaging themselves in any form of infidelity scandals (Doherty and Dowling, 2011, p. 753). Aside from illegal use of public funds, other issues that can be exposed to the public include alcohol or substance abuse, administrative corruption, bribery, conflict of interests, eating disorders, financial or family problems, infidelity, psychological, mental, or physical illnesses, sexual misbehaviour, and vote buying (Moran, 2012; Fleming, 2006, p. 77; Haldane, 2004, p. 202). With the CPI score of 17, UK ranked the 17th least corrupt country worldwide (Rogers, 2012). Unfortunately, UK’s CPI score of 17 in 2012 has decreased from its 16th ranking position back in 2011 (Rogers, 2012). Back in 1970s, John Stonehouse who was a Labour Member of Parliament (MP) received 21 charges for conspiracy, fraud, forgery, and theft and was imprisone d for seven (7) years (Bloxham, 2010). A good example of moral conduct violation is sex scandal. Back in 1970s, Jeremy Thorpe who was a leader of the Liberal Party was not only involved in a homosexual scandal with his male lover but was also accused of consipracy (Bloxham, 2010; White, 2010). Recently, John Profumo – the Secretary of State for War in 1963 was engaged in a sexual scandal for having an affair with Christine Keeler (Evans, 2013; Haldane, 2004, pp. 202 – 203). Considering the long-list of political scandals which occurs both in the local government authorities and the British royal families, it makes a lot of sense to ask questions such as whether or not politicians coming from a particular political, family, or social background or those with certain types of personality are more susceptible to being caught up in a political scandal as compared to others. Is there any close relationship between certain political, family, or social background and the risk s where in the politicians could get themselves involved in a political scandal? Is there any truth behind the idea that political leadership is hereditary? Are certain types of personality increases the risks wherein a politician would be tempted to engage themselves in illegal and immoral acts? What are the common factors that make politicians engaged themselves in a world-wide political controversy? Political Background in UK In the world of politics, Stokes (2005, p. 2) explained that political jobs are meant only for some people who belong to a particular background. For example, as a common knowledge, politics in UK is based on a unitary democracy which follows the structure of a â€Å"constitutional monarchy† (Mannin, 2010, p. 64). Specifically the nature of UK’s political background clearly explains why the English Parliament is composed of the Monarchy, the Lords, and the Commons (Mannin, 2010, p. 63). Based on UK’s current political structure and pract ices, the Monarch is considered as the leader of the state whereas the Prime Minister of UK is referring to the person-in-charge of the government. In general, the monarchy plays a role in the UK politics. Even though the executive or political role was already removed from the British Sovereign (The British Monarchy, 2014b), the King or Queen are still expected to perform their national duties such as

Gaps in academic achievement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gaps in academic achievement - Research Paper Example A critical investigation of existing literature reveals that the problem of educational gap presents numerous challenges to policy-makers. Many studies have examined the achievement gap between black and white students, the contributing factors and the underlying implications. The growing consensus that the achievement gap between black and white students persists even after controlling for various observable characteristics, has been contested.   In a survey that used the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten cohort (ECLS-K), the latest data administered by the Education Department, Fryer and Levitt demonstrated that the achievement gap between black and white students can be eliminated by controlling for observable characteristics of the environment and school (Fryer and Levitt, 2004). The researchers asserted that the gap between black and white students widens once students enter school (Fryer and Levitt, 2004). The author’s main argument is that black studentà ¢â‚¬â„¢s underachievement is due to attending lower quality schools. The study is robust and compares results obtained in previous randomized studies with nonrandom sample frames. In a study that examined the extent to which family wealth affected test scores among young black and white students, Conley and Yeung (2008) found little evidence that the achievement gap between black and white students could be explained by wealth disparity. The researchers used data from PSID, a longitudinal study using a sample size of 5,000 participants (Conley and Yeung, 2008).

Analyze How Embraer Has Structured Itself Economics Essay

Analyze How Embraer Has Structured Itself Economics Essay This paper will focus on the commercial aircraft industry. The report will analyze how Embraer has structured itself and gained competitive advantage in lower end segment of the aircraft industry and then the analysis of cost of capital of Embraer will be projected. The commercial aircraft industry has faced a tough times in recent past which resulted in failures, mergers and joint ventures. The aircraft industry has faced a lot of competition from two of the giants Boeing and Airbus which have dominated the whole aircraft market and has maximum market share. These two giants have huge pool of investment, better infrastructure and government support and because of that they are dominating the aircraft market. All these companies see the current business environment possessing the challenges of a weak global economy and demand due to the economic turmoil, high and unstable fuel costs, and lack of foreign investments. Brazil PEST Framework: Political: Federal Republic framework which is similar to that of United States of America. The federal republic has three independent branches independent branches: executive legislative and judicial. The President heads the executive branch. The increasing divergence between US and Brazilian foreign policy creates high geopolitical risk. This will lead to increasing confrontations between the US and Brazil and the continued decline of foreign direct investment. The main source of violence in Brazil is criminal rather than political. Personal security is poor as there is an extremely high rate of criminal activity in major cities. Police fails to assure safety for citizens as well for business. Brazilian legal system is not very effective and has several faults in them. Honest government is also a big problem in Brazil for ex. the impeachment of a former Brazilian president Mello in 1992 who have been involved in an extortion scheme, and the current corruption scandal of the ruling party of Lula. Inefficient government policies towards economic development of a country for ex. continuous budget deficit, negative net income, high external debt, etc. Poor and inefficient public health and safety conditions infant mortality and mal-nutrition are the leading reasons. Inefficient education system both lack of quality and quantity are the main issues and government is not paying much attention towards this issue. Government regulations favour the minority shareholders. Government policies towards globalisation and openness to market had favoured exports. Economic: Brazil is considered to be as the worlds tenth largest economy and one of the largest economies of South .Its GDP (PPP) per capita is $10,200, putting Brazil in the 105th position in the world. The inflation rate in Brazil is 4.2% which has decreased from 5.9% in 2008. Major export products include aircraft, electrical equipment, automobiles, ethanol, textiles, footwear, iron ore, steel, coffee, orange juice, soybeans and corned beef. The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets, and is one of a group of four emerging economies called the BRIC countries. Economic environment still considered volatile as compared to more stable economies. Complex tax policies and regulations. Multiple taxes affecting business plans and increasing risks of contingencies. Considerable bureaucratic rules and regulations for certain businesses and industries. High demand for investments in the distribution channels and infrastructure. Difficulties in reorganizing companies quickly, including high costs for employee terminations. Lack of local financing coupled with high real interest rates. Economic growth risks are high. Private consumption will be constrained by high unemployment and continued erosion of real earnings. The risk of a significant decline in foreign exchange reserves is high because of the economic turmoil. Investment risk in Brazil is much higher than generally perceived. High public debt exposed to domestic interest-rate trends and maturity that is still too short Lack of investment in infrastructure building. Social: The culture of Brazil is very much similar to that of Portuguese culture. The official language of Brazil is Portuguese which is spoken by almost all of the population. Important cultural customs, including a different perception of the due diligence process. Semi-skilled and unskilled labor in certain developing areas. Unequal distribution of wealth a significant portion of the population not participating in the consumer market. Socio-political obstacles to necessary structural reforms (education, social security, job market, taxes, regulations). Technological: In Latin America, Brazil is a leading nation in the field of science and technology. Sectors like bio fuels, agricultural research, remote sensing and aircrafts manufacturing Brazil operate as a global leader. Government put more emphasis on the development of research labs and innovation and RD in these particular sectors to foster growth and development. Overall Risk Assessment of Brazil: Positive Brazil has abundant natural resources. Fiscal and monetary policy has been prudent and realistic. Domestic market potential and low labour costs have continued to attract foreign investors. The current level of growth foster Brazilian companies to be competitive. Strong international financial support. Policy of maintaining fundamental macroeconomic equilibrium. Size and potential of the domestic market. Broad industrial base and a diversified economy. Government policies favoured globalisation. Negative External financing needs are too great in comparison to currency earnings due to the debt amortisation burden. Socio-political obstacles to necessary structural reforms (education, social security, job market, taxes, regulations) Lack of investment in energy, rail, road, port, and airport infrastructure Exposure to fluctuations in world prices for certain staple commodities. Economic environment still considered volatile as compared to more stable economies. Complex tax policies and regulations. Improper financing regulations. Commercial Aircraft Industry Analysis: Embraer is now the worlds third largest aircraft manufacturer they had gained competitive advantage by creating cost- efficient and innovative aircrafts in the lower end segment. Competitive rivalry among existing players: The competitiveness in the aircraft industry is very high but the competition is not very fierce because most of the market is shared between Boeing and Airbus and rest is with Embraer and Bombardier. The aircraft industry is truly a global industry so each of the manufacturers has to think globally. Barrier to exit is very high because of huge investment and high specialised equipments. Boeing and Airbus had gain market share from each other using prices, product design, advertising, and direct selling efforts. Due to the intensity of the rivalry among Boeing and Airbus, the profits are shared. The industry is technically very sound i.e. there is not much differentiation between the players and their products hence, there is much price competition. Threat of new Entrants: Enter into aircraft manufacturing market is very tough because it requires huge capital investment and knowledge of technical know-how. Cost advantages of big players like Boeing and Airbus because they have enormous experience and knowledge about the industry. These two giants have dominated the entire aircraft industry and they also have strong brand loyalty of their products because they are the best in the business. They have a proper network of loyal supplier and distributor for their products and long term after sales service contracts. Threat of substitutes: No immediate substitutes are present for aircraft manufacturers. The players and their products in the industry are substitutes of one another. Bargaining power of Customers: The bargaining power of customers is relatively low in aircraft industries because most of the buyers in the aircraft industries are government of different countries and some private airlines. Aircrafts are very expensive commodities and show high in cost when switching aircrafts because of that the bargaining power is low in aircraft industry. But because of intense competition between Boeing and Airbus the bargaining power of buyers is moderately higher between these two companies otherwise its relatively low in terms of industry. Bargaining power of Supplier: The aircraft industries is dominated by two big giants Boeing and Airbus and they are such big companies that they have more bargaining power than their suppliers so because of this reason the bargaining power will be low in the aircraft industry. The aircraft industry needs huge investments and high class technology the forward integration is very low or impossible for the suppliers. According to this analysis the main components which are needed to compete in aircraft industry are global strategy, cost effectiveness, innovative and high class technology and huge capital. Core Competencies of Embraer which helps them to compete in Aircraft Industry: Country Factor: The Brazilian government has had a strong affect on Embraer. As mentioned, the company was founded by the government in 1969. Before its privatization in 1994, Embraer had established several partnerships abroad and was very focused on exporting its aircraft to new markets. The government does have strategic power and has ability to refuse certain decisions. Global Strategy: Embraer has proven itself a truly global company in many ways. Embraer has more than 90% of its sales outside Brazil. It has a worldwide operation network. It has appeased global investors because it deals mostly in US dollars. Embraer focuses on business growth, solid corporate culture, and strategic partnership to operate globally and market analysis before entering a new market. Economies of scale: Embraer is proved to be a very efficient company in the aircraft industries because Embraer recognises that China has skilled cheap labour and technology intensive manufacturing centre so they have opened their research hubs and manufacturing units in China. Embraer has been able to design common platforms for its aircrafts with superior performance capabilities which helped them to compete in the aircraft industry and now they have become the worlds third manufacturers and they have overtook Bombardiers in several aspects. Innovation: Embraer has focused its RD on the development, systems engineering and integration of the more than 28,000 parts and components that make up an aircraft. Embraers strategy has been to focus its RD funds on key technologies that it can effectively produce in house. It has outsourced the production of components that other companies can manufacture more efficiently. Embraer trains its engineers, not only in aeronautics, but also in market research and finance, allowing a broader understanding of the industry. Determined Approach: Embraer has very determined company they are very much determined of what they are doing and thats why they have succeeded to gain market share from their competitors like Boeing and Airbus. Embraers ability to continually and successfully forecast future global demand and its ability to meet that demand in unique and innovative ways will be the keys to its future success. Cost of Capital Analysis of Embraer: Cost of capital is the minimum required rate of earning or the cut off rate for capital expenditure. Soloman Ezra. To calculate cost of capital we have to calculate cost of equity and cost of debt. Cost of Equity: The minimum rate of return that a firm offers to its shareholders is called cost of equity. Formula: Cost of equity = Risk free Rate + Beta (Mature Market Premium) + Country Risk Premium First to calculate Beta for Embraer: Average Beta = 1.19 Market D/E Ratio = 22.94% Tax Rate = 20.05% Unlevered Beta = 1.00 Cash/ Firm Value = 7.90% Unlevered Beta corrected for cash = 1.09 To calculate Levered Beta the formula is: Levered Beta = Unlevered Beta (1 + (1- tax rate) (D/E ratio) = 1 (1+ (1-.2005) (.2294)) = 1.18. Risk free Rate = Market Interest Rate Default Spread (Brazil) = 8.75 2.60 = 6.15% Equity Risk Premium Brazil = 4.79% * 25.83% / 15.27 = 8.10% Country Risk Premium Brazil = 8.10% 4.79% = 3.31% Cost of equity = Risk free Rate + Beta (Mature Market Premium) + Country Risk Premium = 6.15 + 1.18(8.10) + 3.31 = 19.01% Cost of Debt: (Rf + credit risk rate)(1-T), where T is the corporate tax rate and Rf is the risk free rate. Cost of debt Emerging Market company After Tax= Riskless Rate + Country Default Spread + Company Default Spread (1-T) = (6.15 + 2.25 +2.60) (1- .2005) = 8.79% Sovereign Bonds of Brazil = 2.25 Corporate Bonds of Brazil = 2.60 Country Rating of Brazil is Baa3. WACC Calculation: The WACC equation  is the cost of each capital component  multiplied by its proportional weight and then summing: WACC = E/V * Re + D/V * Rd * (1- T) Where: Re = cost of equity Rd = cost of debt E = market value of the firms equity D =  market value of the firms debt V = E + D E/V = percentage of financing that is equity D/V = percentage of financing that is debt T =  corporate tax rate = 20.05% Market Value of Embraers Equity = 5970531 Brazilian Real for year 2008. Market Value of Embraers Debt = 6990127 Brazilian Real for year 2008. V= 12960658 Brazilian Real WACC = 5970531/12960658 * 19.01 + 6990127/12960658 * 8.79 * (1- .2005) = 10.71%

Anthropomorphized Creativity :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Anthropomorphized Creativity It starts at 2 o'clock in the morning, a blank sheet in front of your eyes and a blank brain behind. Whether for grades, for money, for for glory, for love, or for self respect, you have to put your thoughts down in a coherent form, but you cannot. You beg for the ability to shift out of neutral and get writing, but it doesn't come. And like any human being since we started carving into bone and shaping clay, you start to put in your mind's eye a face to what you are seeking. It has eyes, brows, a nose, and of course, a slight contemptuous smirk. That same tendency that has lead to the fashioning of idols now comes to you. "The secret of creativeness," (Carl Jung's phrase) like the philosopher's stone, is an abstraction that has tempted many great minds into building theoretical structures that try to explain the creative process, and that fail to do so for a majority of creative artists. Jung calls it a "transcendental problem which the psychologist cannot answer but can only describe." In his essay "The Artist" Jung attempts to describe the creative process using the ideas and metaphors of his eponymous theories. These attempt to replace the artist, a living, breathing human being, with abstractions according to which the artist is an "impersonal creative process." While I recently read through his essay "The Artist," and through Nathaniel Hawthorne's story "The Artist of the Beautiful," what came to my mind were those authors whose own creative processes did not fit Hawthorne's and Jung's notions. I can only chalk this up to my contrarian nature and to my choice of authors. Although more likely, it is because of my own idolatry. The author Harlan Ellison doesn't relish being asked about the secret of creativeness, at least so far as it pertains to himself. Questions about it prompt him to give a brief explanation of how he gets his ideas from a mail order business in Schenectady, New York. (They also cause him to change colors all through the spectrum.) His glib response points to the difficulty of describing the creative process in a way that will carry from one artist over to many. The challenge is compounded by the prejudices we have about the human mind in general. Every idea about the human mind is an abstraction that cannot but repel as many people as it attracts.

The Street

In Anne Petry’s novel, The Street, the wind wreaks havoc on the city and puts the city and its pedestrians in an overwhelming and chaotic state. The wind is the antagonist in the story as it tortures the pedestrians with its pesky ways and coldness. The wind establishes a negative relationship between Lutie Johnson and the urban setting and Pettry’s use of literary devices aptly displays this relationship. Petry starts out by letting the reader know there as â€Å"a cold November wind†.This wind terrorizes the street by blowing â€Å"bits of paper to dancing high in the air† such as â€Å"old envelopes† and â€Å"newspapers†. Pedestrians were â€Å"bent double† as they tried to walk through the wind and street to â€Å"offer the least possible exposed surface to its violent assault†. This use of imagery begins to give the reader an understanding of how the relationship between Lutie Johnson and the urban setting will play out.Th e selection of detail that the reader is given further shows how the wind is a negative element in the novel. The wind â€Å"drove most of the people off the street in the block between Seventh and Eighth Avenues†. This leads the reader to believe the wind is fierce and that one shouldn’t try to withstand it. The wind also blew more than just paper around, it blew things such as â€Å"dirt†, â€Å"grime†, â€Å"dust†, â€Å"chicken bones and pork-chop bones†. All of these things blowing around can definitely bring a city to a state of chaos.These details also enhance the urban setting give allow the reader to understand what the experience is like for Lutie Johnson. Petry’s use of figurative language also made the reader’s understanding of the urban setting more pertinent. The wind was â€Å"fingering its way along the curb† and the wind also â€Å"wrapped newspaper around their feet†, entangling the pedestrians a nd forcing them to bend down and remove the newspaper with their hands. This shows the reader how the wind has power over the pedestrians and Lutie Johnson.Petry’s use of personification really makes the relationship between Lutie Johnson and the urban setting more apparent. Petry personifies the wind by stating, â€Å"The wind lifted Lutie Johnson’s hair away from the back of her neck† and â€Å"the cold fingers of the wind touched the back of her neck†. This use of personification makes the reader feel like their experiencing the tortures of the wind for themselves with Lutie. The wind also took on the role of a bully by making a simple task very difficult.Lutie Johnson was looking for a room to stay in but she couldn’t read the sign with the wind blowing. â€Å"Each time she thought she had the sign in focus, the wind pushed it away†. In conclusion, the urban setting has a negative relationship with Lutie Johnson. The wind made everything hectic and overwhelming. The wind kept antagonizing Lutie while she looked for a place to stay and all she could do was try to deal with it as best as she could.

USS Langley (CVL-27) - World War II

USS Langley (CVL-27) - World War II USS Langley  (CVL-27) - Overview: Nation:  United States Type:  Aircraft Carrier Shipyard:  New York Shipbuilding Corporation Laid Down:  April, 11, 1942 Launched:  May 22, 1943 Commissioned:  August 31, 1943 Fate:  Sold for scrap, 1964 USS Langley (CVL-27) - Specifications Displacement:  11,000 tons   Length:  622 ft., 6 in. Beam:  109 ft. 2 in. Draft:  26 ft. Propulsion:  Four boilers powering 4 General Electric turbines, 4 Ãâ€" shafts Speed:  31 knots Complement:  1,569 men USS Langley  (CVL-27) - Armament 26 Ãâ€"  Bofors 40 mm guns Aircraft 30-45 aircraft USS Langley (CVL-27) - Design: With  World War II raging in Europe and rising tensions with Japan, US President Franklin D.  Roosevelt became worried over the fact that the US Navy did not expect any new aircraft carriers to join the fleet prior to 1944.   As a result, in 1941 he asked the General Board to investigate whether any of the cruisers then under construction could be converted into carriers to supplement the fleets  Lexington-  and  Yorktown-class  ships.   Completing their report on October 13, the General Board offered that while such conversions were possible, the amount of compromise required would badly reduce their effectiveness.   As a former Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Roosevelt pushed the issue and directed the Bureau of Ships (BuShips) to conduct a second study. Responding on October 25, BuShips stated that such conversions were possible and, while the ships would have reduced capabilities relative to existing fleet carriers, they could be finished much faster.   After the Japanese  attack on Pearl Harbor  on December 7 and US entry into World War II, the US Navy accelerated the construction of the new  Essex-class  fleet carriers and decided to convert several  Cleveland-class light cruisers, then being built, into light carriers.   As conversion plans were finished, they offered more potential than initially hoped.    Featuring narrow and short flight and hangar decks, the new  Independence-class required blisters to be attached to the cruiser hulls to aid in offsetting the increased weight topside.   Maintaining their original cruiser speed of 30 knots, the class was significantly faster than other types of light and escort carriers which allowed them to sail in company with the US Navys fleet carriers.   Due to their smaller size, the  Independence-class carriers air groups often totaled around 30 aircraft.   While initially intended to be an even mix of fighters, dive bombers, and torpedo bombers, by 1944 air groups were often fighter heavy. USS Langley (CVL-27) - Construction: The sixth ship of the new class, USS Crown Point (CV-27) was ordered as the  Cleveland-class light cruiser USS Fargo (CL-85).   Prior to construction commencing, it was designated for conversion to a light carrier.   Laid down on April 11, 1942 at New York Shipbuilding Corporation (Camden, NJ), the ships name was changed to Langley that November in honor of USS Langley (CV-1) which had been lost in combat.   Construction progressed and the carrier entered the water on May 22, 1943 with Louise Hopkins, wife of Special Adviser to the President Harry L. Hopkins, serving as sponsor.   Re-designated CVL-27 on July 15 to identify it as a light carrier, Langley entered commission on  August 31 with Captain W.M. Dillon in command.   After conducting shakedown exercises and training in the Caribbean that fall, the new carrier departed for Pearl Harbor on December 6. USS Langley (CVL-27) - Joining the Fight:        Ã‚   Following additional training in Hawaiian waters, Langley joined Rear Admiral Marc A. Mitschers Task Force 58 (Fast Carrier Task Force) for operations against the Japanese in the Marshall Islands.   Beginning on January 29, 1944, the carriers aircraft began striking targets in support of the landings on Kwajalein.   With the capture of the island in early February, Langley remained in the Marshalls to cover the attack on Eniwetok while the bulk of TF 58 moved west to mount a series of raids against Truk.   Replenishing at Espiritu Santo, the carriers planes returned to the air in late March and early April to strike Japanese forces in Palau, Yap, and Woleai.   Steaming south late in April, Langley aided in General Douglas MacArthurs landings at Hollandia, New Guinea. USS Langley (CVL-27) - Advancing on Japan: Completing raids against Truk in late April, Langley made port at Majuro and prepared for operations in the Marianas.   Departing in June, the carrier began launching attacks against targets on Saipan and Tinian on the 11th.   Helping to cover the landings on Saipan four days later, Langley remained in the area as its planes aided the troops ashore.   On June 19-20, Langley took part in the Battle of the Philippine Sea as Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa attempted to disrupt the campaign in the Marianas.   A decisive victory for the Allies, the fighting saw three Japanese carriers sunk and over 600 aircraft destroyed.   Remaining in the Marianas until August 8, Langley then departed for Eniwetok. Sailing later in the month, Langley supported troops during the Battle of Peleliu in September before proceeding to the Philippines a month later.   Initially in place to protect the landings on Leyte, the carrier saw extensive action during the Battle of Leyte Gulf beginning on October 24.   Attacking Japanese warships in the Sibuyan Sea, Langleys aircraft later took part in the action off Cape Engaà ±o.   Over the next several weeks, the carrier remained in the Philippines and attacked targets around the archipelago before withdrawing to Ulithi on December 1. Returning to action in January 1945, Langley provided cover during the Lingayen Gulf landings on Luzon and joined its consorts in conducting a series of raids across the South China Sea.    Steaming north, Langley launched attacks against mainland Japan and Nansei Shoto before aiding in the invasion of Iwo Jima.   Returning to Japanese waters, the carrier continued to strike targets ashore into March.   Shifting south, Langley then assisted in the invasion of Okinawa.   During April and May, it split its time between supporting troops ashore and mounting attacks against Japan.   In need of an overhaul, Langley departed the Far East on May 11 and made for San Francisco.   Arriving on June 3, it spent the next two months in the yard receiving repairs and undergoing a modernization program.   Emerging on August 1, Langley departed the West Coast for Pearl Harbor.   Reaching Hawaii a week later, it was there when hostilities ended on August 15. USS Langley (CVL-27) - Later Service: Pressed into duty in Operation Magic Carpet, Langley made two voyages in the Pacific to carry American servicemen home.   Transferred to the Atlantic in October, the carrier completed two trips to Europe as part of the operation.   Finishing this duty in January 1946, Langley was placed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia and decommissioned on February 11, 1947.   After four years in reserve, the carrier was transferred to France on January 8, 1951 under the Mutual Defense Assistance Program.   Re-named La Fayette (R-96), it saw service in the Far East as well as in the Mediterranean during the 1956 Suez Crisis.   Returned to the US Navy on March 20, 1963, the carrier was sold for scrap to the Boston Metals Company of Baltimore a year later. Selected Sources ​DANFS: USS  Langley  (CVL-27) NavSource: USS  Langley  (CVL-27)WW2DB: USS  Langley  (CVL-27)

Women of 1920 essays

Women of 1920 essays Becker, Susan D. and William Bruce Wheeler The New Woman of the 1920s: Image and Reality. Discovering the American Past, A Look at the Evidence. 4th ed. Vol. II. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. The first part of the evidence (Sources 1 and 2) consists of excerpts from two best sellers: The Sheik and The Plastic Age. Both of these two sources are fiction but still portray the truth of these times in which they were written. In source 1, a young woman by the name of Diana Mayo is about to leave on a month-long journey through the desert. Lady Conway expresses her feelings of disapproval, by saying that Diana is behaving with a recklessness and impropriety that is calculated to cast a slur not only on her own reputation, but also on the prestige of her country. I feel that men and women should be treated equally. I believe that a woman should be able to do what she pleases to do in life. At this time in history, women were not accepted in that way though. Diana encounters a man that is begging her not to leave, but she clearly expresses that she has no love for the man. She says that marriage for a woman means the end of her independence, and that she has never obeye d anyone in her life and she does not intend to ever obey anyone. I do not believe that a woman loses her independence when getting married, unless she chooses to lose it. The second source is about a high school track star, Hugh Carver that is arriving for his freshman year at Sanford, an all-male college. He and some friends get caught up in fraternity life and begin to drink alcohol. One night he and his friend Carl get drunk and decide to go out on to the town, where two prostitutes tempted them. A football player prevents Hugh from going with these women of trash, but Carl goes along with them anyway. Carl and seven others are diagnosed with a venereal disease a few weeks later and then were expelled ...

Historical investigation - To what extent was the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay

Historical investigation - To what extent was the Cuban Missile Crisis the result of U.S. policy towards the Cuban Revolution - Essay Example In a series of such move, the world had witnessed Americans attempt to throw out the Cuban Regime by promoting unhealthy and provocative political activities. To counter such move and to deter USA, the then USSR President Khrushchev in the year 1962Â  suggested installation of Soviet nuclear missiles at a strategic location of Cuban territories. The secret efforts of the USSR and the Cuba with reference to the installation of medium range, intermediate range and the ballistic nuclear missiles in Cuba was unearthed by USÂ  U-2Â  aircraft (Franklin 86). Upon noticing mentioned activities, the US government categorically announced that it will not allow offensive gadgets to be delivered to Cuba. It demanded the USSR to destroy base of missile already constructed or under construction. The USSR had done it with a little heart that the other side would follow the suit. If not agreed by the USSR, then the only option left was confrontation to resolve the issue (Blight, et al 54). To avert the confrontation between the said governments, an agreement was signed by the UN General Secretary Mr. U Thant, US President Mr. John F. Kennedy and the President of USSR Mr. Khrushchev. According to that agreement USSR has to abolish all missile bases in Cuba provided that the Americans would assure not to invade Cuba. By way of this agreement the confrontation ended on October 28, 1962. The USA was afraid of the expansion of the communism in other parts of the world in general and in the Latin Americans States in specific. With this agreement it had stopped the influence of the USSR in Latin American States (Blight, et al 69). A rat race had begun between the two mighty States in having the number of missiles to create an edge over other. The figures of missiles of either side from the analytical reports published in the war journals, confirms the preparation of missiles of all sorts to establish their supremacy (George 134). The

Home Depot Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Home Depot - Case Study Example Home Depot Inc became the fastest growing firm in the world after its establishment and no one would have ever thought that such a firm would be faced with the challenge of operating in an interconnected world of retail which led to of slowed growth rate and reduction in revenues. The business environment had changed due to customer empowerment and development of on-line retailing. To cope with this problem, the firm embarked on standardization, centralization and performance metrics. Home Depot was established in 1978 by Marcus and Arthur Blank together with other associates. Marcus and Blank had enough experience in home improvement firms as they had both worked in Handy Dan Home improvement Centers before they were fired. They had an idea of creating their own firm which would be bigger and much improved from the one they had been working in. Home improvement industry in the U.S was at its climax and each day new firms were being establishment. They had an idea of establishing the irs that would be much competitive in the industry. (Hagg A, 2011). The reputation of the firm in the country was built by its commitment to service of customer. Different from many other firms they adopted an inverted pyramid in their ways of operation putting the customers in front of the firm and the administration. The main customers of the firm were the do-it-yourself customers. These customers are those that purchase products and go ahead to install on their own. There was a need by the firm to have proper arrangements and training people in the firm on how to handle customers and explain to them on how to install the products in their homes. The other kind of customers to be targeted was professionals. These were mainly those that are trained such as plumbers and masons. Thou their number was much less than the other kind, they were the most frequent and contributed a considerable amount of revenue to the firm. Home Depot faced strong competition from Lowe’s which had a great share of pro customers in the market. After the massive drop in revenues